My personal definition or Art (with the uppercase A) is any human creation that can solicit a deep feeling (deep emotions) in you.
I agree that to perceive Art you need the meanings, so your deaf or blind person examples would be cases in which the person would not be able to witness and appreciate SOME forms of art. But as you said, those are edge cases that don't contradict the general definition.
@zztong : poetry can be spoken (declaimed) and that is actually the original form in which it was supposed to be appreciated as far as I know.
I would say that we need to separate what is an (even exceptional) work of craftsmanship, from what is indeed an Art expression.
If we do that, everything becomes clear, and you can easily see that engineering (in any form) is not Art, but can have its own kind of beauty.
But would you ever say that looking at the Donut piece of code you mentioned, it can convey to you some deep emotion?
Maybe it does. But in that case you would be the weirdest person I'd ever known to be honest!
That's also why (going back to topic here) I don't think AI will ever be able to produce real unique Art ,unless it is a copy.