I'm making a mod that essentially adds better version of campfire, forge, chem lab, and workbench. I'm wondering if there's a way to edit the speed some of these craft recipes
Just add the attribute > craft_time="120" < to the main recipe header line for the unit that you're creating, and in this case the craft time is "120", and I believe that's in seconds.
If you want to adjust the crafting time for the entire workstation, look at how the AdvancedEngineering perk handles the cementMixerCrafting tag or workbenchCrafting tag and add a similar line for your unique workstation . Don't forget to add that tag to your workstation recipes.